{"id":8866,"date":"2024-07-02T16:14:45","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T16:14:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.webhi.com\/how-to\/?p=8866"},"modified":"2024-07-02T16:16:51","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T16:16:51","slug":"how-to-use-the-ss-command-linux-tutorial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.webhi.com\/how-to\/how-to-use-the-ss-command-linux-tutorial\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Use the\u00a0ss\u00a0command: A comprehensive Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Linux<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

If you’re like me, you still cling to soon-to-be-deprecated commands like\u00a0ifconfig<\/code>,\u00a0nslookup<\/code>, and\u00a0netstat<\/code><\/strong>. The new replacements are\u00a0ip<\/code>,\u00a0dig<\/code>, and\u00a0ss<\/code><\/strong>, respectively. It’s time to (reluctantly) let go of legacy utilities and head into the future with\u00a0ss<\/code>. The\u00a0ip<\/code>\u00a0command is worth a mention here because part of\u00a0netstat<\/code>‘s functionality has been replaced by\u00a0ip<\/code>. This article covers the essentials for the\u00a0ss<\/code>\u00a0command so that you don’t have to dig (no pun intended) for them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction to ss<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Formally, ss<\/code> (socket statistics) is a command-line utility used to investigate sockets. It is the modern replacement for the older netstat<\/code> tool. The primary advantage of ss<\/code> over netstat<\/code> is its ability to provide more detailed and more extensive information about network connections, making it an essential tool for network administrators and engineers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael Prokop, the developer of ss<\/code>, designed it to ease the transition from netstat<\/code> by allowing some of netstat<\/code>‘s options to operate similarly in ss<\/code>. This compatibility helps users to switch without needing to learn an entirely new set of commands from scratch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basic Usage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Displaying TCP Sockets<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

One of the most common uses of netstat<\/code> is to display TCP sockets. Here’s how you can do it with both netstat<\/code> and ss<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With netstat<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

$ netstat -t\nActive Internet connections (w\/o servers)\nProto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State\ntcp        0      0 rhel8:ssh               khess-mac:62036         ESTABLISHED<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
With ss<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -t\nState         Recv-Q          Send-Q                    Local Address:Port                   Peer Address:Port\nESTAB         0               0                          192.168.1.65:ssh                    192.168.1.94:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
The output from both commands provides similar information, showing active TCP connections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Resolving Hostnames<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To better mimic the output of netstat<\/code>, you can use the -r<\/code> (resolve) option in ss<\/code>, which resolves hostnames:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -tr\nState            Recv-Q             Send-Q                          Local Address:Port                         Peer Address:Port\nESTAB            0                  0                                       rhel8:ssh                             khess-mac:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Port Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
If you prefer seeing port numbers rather than their service names, use the -n<\/code> option:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -ntr\nState            Recv-Q             Send-Q                          Local Address:Port                         Peer Address:Port\nESTAB            0                  0                                       rhel8:22                              khess-mac:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying All Sockets<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To display all sockets, including listening and non-listening, use the -a<\/code> option:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -a\nState       Recv-Q      Send-Q               Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port\nLISTEN      0           128                  0.0.0.0:22                        0.0.0.0:*\nESTAB       0           0                    192.168.1.65:ssh                  192.168.1.94:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
This command lists all sockets in various states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filtering by State<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
You can filter the output to show only sockets in a specific state. For example, to show only listening sockets:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -l\nState       Recv-Q      Send-Q               Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port\nLISTEN      0           128                  0.0.0.0:22                        0.0.0.0:*\nLISTEN      0           128                  [::]:22                           [::]:*<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Unix Domain Sockets<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To display Unix domain sockets, use the -x<\/code> option:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -x\nState       Recv-Q      Send-Q               Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port\nLISTEN      0           128                  \/run\/user\/0\/systemd\/private       * 0\nLISTEN      0           128                  \/var\/lib\/sss\/pipes\/private\/sbus-dp_implicit_files.642  * 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Summary Statistics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To view summary statistics of all socket connections, use the -s<\/code> option:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -s\nTotal: 182\nTCP:   3 (estab 1, closed 0, orphaned 0, timewait 0)\n\nTransport Total     IP        IPv6\nRAW      1         0         1\nUDP      3         2         1\nTCP      3         2         1\nINET     7         4         3\nFRAG     0         0         0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Advanced Usage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Filtering by Address and Port<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
You can filter sockets based on local or remote addresses and ports. For example, to show all sockets connected to port 22:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -at '( dport = :22 )'\nState       Recv-Q      Send-Q               Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port\nLISTEN      0           128                  0.0.0.0:22                        0.0.0.0:*\nESTAB       0           0                    192.168.1.65:ssh                  192.168.1.94:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
To filter by local address:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -at '( src = 192.168.1.65 )'\nState       Recv-Q      Send-Q               Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port\nESTAB       0           0                    192.168.1.65:ssh                  192.168.1.94:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Combining Filters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
You can combine multiple filters to refine your search. For example, to show all TCP connections to port 22 on a specific IP address:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -at '( dport = :22 and src = 192.168.1.65 )'\nState       Recv-Q      Send-Q               Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port\nESTAB       0           0                    192.168.1.65:ssh                  192.168.1.94:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Connection States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To display sockets in specific states such as ESTABLISHED<\/code>, LISTEN<\/code>, or CLOSE-WAIT<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss state established\nState       Recv-Q      Send-Q               Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port\nESTAB       0           0                    192.168.1.65:ssh                  192.168.1.94:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Network Interfaces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To display information about network interfaces, use the -i<\/code> option:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -i\nNetid     State       Recv-Q      Send-Q           Local Address:Port             Peer Address:Port\nu_str     ESTAB       0           0                            * 20241                           * 0\n         skmem:(r0,rb79377,t0,tb32768,f1348,w0,o0,bl0,d0)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Comparison with netstat<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Group Memberships<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Some functionality of netstat<\/code> has been moved to the ip<\/code> command. For example, to display group memberships:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With netstat<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ netstat -g\nIPv6\/IPv4 Group Memberships\nInterface       RefCnt Group\n--------------- ------ ---------------------\nlo              1      all-systems.mcast.net\nenp0s3          1      all-systems.mcast.net\nlo              1      ff02::1\nlo              1      ff01::1\nenp0s3          1      ff02::1:ffa6:ab3e\nenp0s3          1      ff02::1:ff8d:912c\nenp0s3          1      ff02::1\nenp0s3          1      ff01::1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
With ip<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ip maddr\n1: lo\n    inet  224.0.0.1\n    inet6 ff02::1\n    inet6 ff01::1\n2: enp0s3\n    link  01:00:5e:00:00:01\n    link  33:33:00:00:00:01\n    link  33:33:ff:8d:91:2c\n    link  33:33:ff:a6:ab:3e\n    inet  224.0.0.1\n    inet6 ff02::1:ffa6:ab3e\n    inet6 ff02::1:ff8d:912c\n    inet6 ff02::1\n    inet6 ff01::1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Network Statistics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
netstat<\/code> provides detailed network statistics, which ss<\/code> currently lacks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With netstat<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ netstat -s\nIp:\n    Forwarding: 2\n    6231 total packets received\n    2 with invalid addresses\n    0 forwarded\n    0 incoming packets discarded\n    3104 incoming packets delivered\n    2011 requests sent out\n    243 dropped because of missing route\n<truncated><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
With ss<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -s\nTotal: 182\nTCP:   3 (estab 1, closed 0, orphaned 0, timewait 0)\n\nTransport Total     IP        IPv6\nRAW\t  1         0         1\nUDP\t  3         2         1\nTCP\t  3         2         1\nINET\t  7         4         3\nFRAG\t  0         0         0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
As you can see, ss<\/code> provides a more concise summary of statistics compared to the detailed breakdown offered by netstat<\/code>. For those who need granular statistics, this can be a limitation of ss<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Practical Examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Monitoring Network Connections<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
One practical use of ss<\/code> is to monitor active network connections in real-time. This can be especially useful for troubleshooting network issues or ensuring that services are running as expected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To watch active connections, you can use watch<\/code> with ss<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ watch -n 1 'ss -t -a'<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
This command updates the display every second, showing you the current state of TCP connections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Checking Listening Ports<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To see which ports are being listened to by various services on your system, use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -ltn\nState      Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port\nLISTEN     0      128     0.0.0.0:22           0.0.0.0:*\nLISTEN     0      128     [::]:22              [::]:*<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
This command helps identify all listening TCP ports and the services bound to them, useful for ensuring that required services are up and running.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diagnosing Network Problems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
When diagnosing network problems, ss<\/code> can be used to filter connections by various parameters to pinpoint issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For example, if you suspect an issue with connections to a specific server, you can filter by the remote address:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -t dst 192.168.1.94\nState      Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port\nESTAB      0      0       192.168.1.65:ssh     192.168.1.94:62036<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
This command shows all TCP connections to the specified remote address.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Analyzing Traffic on Specific Ports<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
To analyze traffic on a specific port, such as port 80 (HTTP), you can use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -o state established '( dport = :80 or sport = :80 )'\nState      Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port  Timer\nESTAB      0      0       192.168.1.65:49852   93.184.216.34:80   on (5.34\/8.74)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
This command shows established connections involving port 80, providing insight into web traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Transitioning from netstat<\/code> to ss<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Transitioning from netstat<\/code> to ss<\/code> can be seamless if you understand the equivalent options and commands. Here are some common netstat<\/code> commands and their ss<\/code> equivalents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Network Interface Statistics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
With netstat<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ netstat -i\nKernel Interface table\nIface      MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg\neth0       1500   983   0      0      0      879   0      0      0      BMRU\nlo         65536  8821  0      0      0      8821  0      0      0      LRU<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
With ss<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -i\nNetid     State       Recv-Q      Send-Q           Local Address:Port             Peer Address:Port\nu_str     ESTAB       0           0                            * 20241                           * 0\n         skmem:(r0,rb79377,t0,tb32768,f1348,w0,o0,bl0,d0)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Routing Table<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
With netstat<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ netstat -r\nKernel IP routing table\nDestination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface\n0.0.0.0         192.168.1.1     0.0.0.0         UG      0   0        0   eth0\n192.168.1.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U       0   0        0   eth0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
With ip<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ip route\ndefault via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0\n192.168.1.0\/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.65<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Multicast Group Memberships<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
With netstat<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ netstat -g\nIPv6\/IPv4 Group Memberships\nInterface       RefCnt Group\n--------------- ------ ---------------------\nlo              1      all-systems.mcast.net\nenp0s3          1      all-systems.mcast.net\nlo              1      ff02::1\nlo              1      ff01::1\nenp0s3          1      ff02::1:ffa6:ab3e\nenp0s3          1      ff02::1:ff8d:912c\nenp0s3          1      ff02::1\nenp0s3          1      ff01::1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
With ip<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ip maddr\n1: lo\n    inet  224.0.0.1\n    inet6 ff02::1\n    inet6 ff01::1\n2: enp0s3\n    link  01:00:5e:00:00:01\n    link  33:33:00:00:00:01\n    link  33:33:ff:8d:91:2c\n    link  33:33:ff:a6:ab:3e\n    inet  224.0.0.1\n    inet6 ff02::1:ffa6:ab3e\n    inet6 ff02::1:ff8d:912c\n    inet6 ff02::1\n    inet6 ff01::1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Displaying Network Protocol Statistics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
With netstat<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ netstat -s\nIp:\n    Forwarding: 2\n    6231 total packets received\n    2 with invalid addresses\n    0 forwarded\n    0 incoming packets discarded\n    3104 incoming packets delivered\n    2011 requests sent out\n    243 dropped because of missing route\n<truncated><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
With ss<\/code>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
$ ss -s\nTotal: 182\nTCP:   3 (estab 1, closed 0, orphaned 0, timewait 0)\n\nTransport Total     IP        IPv6\nRAW\t  1         0         1\nUDP\t  3         2         1\nTCP\t  3         2         1\nINET\t  7         4         3\nFRAG\t  0         0         0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
As you can see, ss<\/code> provides a summary rather than a detailed breakdown. While this can be useful for quick overviews, it might not provide the depth of information needed for thorough network diagnostics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The ss<\/code> command is a powerful and versatile tool that has effectively replaced netstat<\/code> for investigating socket statistics. While it offers many of the same functionalities as netstat<\/code>, it also introduces new features and more detailed output options. Transitioning to ss<\/code> from netstat<\/code> is made easier by the similar options and commands, allowing users to continue their network monitoring and troubleshooting activities with minimal adjustment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
By learning and mastering ss<\/code>, you can take advantage of its capabilities to manage and diagnose network connections more efficiently. Whether you are monitoring active connections, checking listening ports, diagnosing network problems, or analyzing traffic, ss<\/code> provides a robust set of options to help you get the job done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
So, embrace the future of network statistics with ss<\/code> and leverage its powerful features to enhance your network administration tasks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
If you’re like me, you still cling to soon-to-be-deprecated commands like\u00a0ifconfig,\u00a0nslookup, and\u00a0netstat. The new replacements are\u00a0ip,\u00a0dig, and\u00a0ss, respectively. It’s time to (reluctantly) let go of legacy utilities and head into the future with\u00a0ss. The\u00a0ip\u00a0command is worth a mention here because part of\u00a0netstat‘s functionality has been replaced by\u00a0ip. This article covers the essentials for the\u00a0ss\u00a0command so ..<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n
Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[69,3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Use the\u00a0ss\u00a0command: A comprehensive Guide - WebHi Tutorials & Documentations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to use the ss command in Linux to replace the soon-to-be-obsolete netstat. 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